Diritto Pubblico Comparato ed Europeo

Sommario

1. Introduzione. – 1.1. Il settore elettrico tra service public à la française e modello inglese. – 2. L’intervento comunitario: i primi passi verso la liberalizzazione del settore. – 2.1. La direttiva 92/1996. – 2.2. La direttiva 54/2003. – 3. Panoramica sul mercato elettrico e quadro normativo dei Paesi in esame. – 3.1. Produzione. – 3.2. Trasmissione, distribuzione e accesso a terzi. – 4. Fornitura. – 5. Obblighi di servizio pubblico. – 6. Conclusioni.

Abstract

The article focuses on the organization of the electricity sector in five european Countries: France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy and Spain. In particular, it analyzes the influences of EU directives 1996/92 and 2003/54 on domestic legislation reforming the electricity sector. Directives 1996/92 and 2003/54 enhance: the liberalization of the sector, the openness of the market, the access of third parties and the unbundling. The five Countries have diversely implemented EU provisions. Moreover, their domestic legislation regarding the generation, the transmission, the distribution and the supply of electricity has been influenced in very different ways. On one side, the British model provides for extensive liberalization and competitiveness. On the other side, the French model is still dominated by EDF and RTE, which are an obstacle to the competitiveness of the market. The German market is liberalized, but is still concentrated therefore the unbundling is still insufficient. Italy and Spain have gradually begun to open their market to competition, but a further liberalization is still needed.