Diritto Pubblico Comparato ed Europeo

Sommario

1. Premessa di metodo. – 2. Nazioni e minoranze nei Paesi della ex Jugoslavia: il contesto storico-politico. – 3. Nazioni e minoranze in Serbia e Montenegro. – 4. La tutela dei diritti delle minoranze come condizione costituzionale per l’adesione all’Unione europea. – 5. La tutela delle minoranze in Serbia nel diritto vigente: la legislazione e la democratizzazione. – 5.1. Segue. La Costituzione e l’adesione all’Unione europea. – 6. La tutela delle minoranze in Montenegro nel diritto vigente: la legislazione, la democratizzazione e l’adesione all’Unione europea. – 6.1. Segue. La Costituzione e l’adesione all’Unione europea. – 7. I diritti delle minoranze in Serbia e Montenegro: dalla condizionalità inversa alla condizionalità reciproca.

Abstract

The topic of the rights of national minorities has always been of special interest in Serbia and Montenegro, because of the historical and the political background of the South-Western Balkans area. After the end of the ethnic conflict in the nineties and the Milošević regime in the years 2000-2003, the protection of rights of national minorities has been considered a support for the pacification and the democratisation. In the last years, the same topic is again of special interest, because of the process of the enlargement of the European Union to the East: the protection of national minorities is a condition to join the EU. Serbia and Montenegro are involved in this process, since they are both potential candidates countries. This essay analyses the evolution of the protection of minority rights in the laws and the Constitutions of Serbia and Montenegro, focusing on the possible “dual” conditionality of the legal instruments: indeed, the protection of national minorities rights is a condition, on one side, to assure the pacification and the democratisation and, on the other side, to join the European Union. With special reference to the European conditionality, the scholars showed the problem of the double and the reverse conditionality: the EU imposes to the candidates a very strict standard, while the member states do not always respect the same level of rights. Therefore, there is the danger of the reverse conditionality: the new States could refuse to implement the standards. The ratification of the conventions of the European Council by all the “Old States” could be a possible solution.